Which of the Following Has a Significant Effect on the Art of Italy During the 14th Century?

Italian Trade Cities

Italian metropolis-states trading during the late Center Ages gear up the stage for the Renaissance past moving resources, civilisation, and knowledge from the Due east.

Learning Objectives

Prove how Northern Italy and the wealthy urban center-states within it became such huge European powers

Central Takeaways

Fundamental Points

• While Northern Italia was not richer in resources than many other parts of Europe, the level of evolution, stimulated by trade, allowed it to prosper. In particular, Florence became one of the wealthiest cities in Northern Italy.
• Florence became the center of this fiscal industry, and the gold florin became the main currency of international trade.
• Luxury goods bought in the Levant, such as spices, dyes, and silks, were imported to Italia and then resold throughout Europe.
• The Italian trade routes that covered the Mediterranean and beyond were also major conduits of culture and knowledge.

Primal Terms

• Vitruvius: A Roman author, architect, and ceremonious engineer (born c. 80–70 BC, died afterwards c. 15 BCE), perhaps best known for his multi-volume work entitled De Architectura.
• Hanseatic League: A commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and their market towns that dominated trade forth the declension of Northern Europe.
• Tacitus: A senator and a historian of the Roman Empire (c. 56–afterward 117 CE).
• Levant: The countries bordering the eastern Mediterranean Body of water.
• city-state: A political phenomenon of pocket-sized contained states mostly in the central and northern Italian peninsula between the 9th and 15th centuries.

Prosperous City-States

During the late Middle Ages, Northern and Central Italy became far more prosperous than the due south of Italia, with the metropolis-states, such as Venice and Genoa, among the wealthiest in Europe. The Crusades had built lasting trade links to the Levant, and the Fourth Crusade had done much to destroy the Byzantine Roman Empire as a commercial rival to the Venetians and Genoese.

The chief trade routes from the due east passed through the Byzantine Empire or the Arab lands and onwards to the ports of Genoa, Pisa, and Venice. Luxury goods bought in the Levant, such equally spices, dyes, and silks, were imported to Italian republic and then resold throughout Europe. Moreover, the inland city-states profited from the rich agricultural land of the Po valley.

From France, Germany, and the Low Countries, through the medium of the Champagne fairs, land and river trade routes brought goods such equally wool, wheat, and precious metals into the region. The extensive merchandise that stretched from Arab republic of egypt to the Baltic generated substantial surpluses that allowed pregnant investment in mining and agriculture.

Thus, while Northern Italy was non richer in resources than many other parts of Europe, the level of development, stimulated by trade, allowed it to prosper. In particular, Florence became one of the wealthiest cities in Northern Italy, due mainly to its woolen textile product, developed nether the supervision of its dominant trade guild, the Arte della Lana. Wool was imported from Northern Europe (and in the 16th century from Spain), and together with dyes from the eastward was used to make high quality textiles.

Revitalizing Trade Routes

In the 13th century, much of Europe experienced stiff economical growth. The merchandise routes of the Italian states linked with those of established Mediterranean ports, and somewhen the Hanseatic League of the Baltic and northern regions of Europe, to create a network economic system in Europe for the commencement time since the quaternary century. The urban center-states of Italy expanded greatly during this menstruation, and grew in ability to become de facto fully independent of the Holy Roman Empire; apart from the Kingdom of Naples, exterior powers kept their armies out of Italy. During this catamenia, the mod commercial infrastructure adult, with double-entry bookkeeping, joint stock companies, an international banking system, a systematized foreign exchange market, insurance, and authorities debt. Florence became the eye of this financial industry, and the gilt florin became the main currency of international trade.

While Roman urban republican sensibilities persisted, there were many movements and changes afoot. Italy outset felt the changes in Europe from the 11th to the 13th centuries. Typically at that place was:

• A rise in population―the population doubled in this period (the demographic explosion)
• An emergence of huge cities (Venice, Florence, and Milan had over 100,000 inhabitants past the 13th century, and many others, such equally Genoa, Bologna, and Verona, had over 50,000)
• Rebuilding of the great cathedrals
• Substantial migration from country to city (in Italy the rate of urbanization reached xx%, making it the most urbanized society in the world at that fourth dimension)
• An agrarian revolution
• Development of commerce

The reject of feudalism and the rise of cities influenced each other; for case, the demand for luxury goods led to an increment in trade, which led to greater numbers of tradesmen condign wealthy, who, in turn, demanded more luxury goods.

Palazzo della Signoria e Uffizzi, Florence: Florence was ane of the most important city-states in Italy.

The Transfer of Civilisation and Knowledge

The Italian trade routes that covered the Mediterranean and across were also major conduits of civilisation and knowledge. The recovery of lost Greek texts, which had been preserved past Arab scholars, following the Crusader conquest of the Byzantine heartlands revitalized medieval philosophy in the Renaissance of the twelfth century. Additionally, Byzantine scholars migrated to Italy during and following the Ottoman conquest of the Byzantines betwixt the 12th and 15th centuries, and were important in sparking the new linguistic studies of the Renaissance, in newly created academies in Florence and Venice. Humanist scholars searched monastic libraries for ancient manuscripts and recovered Tacitus and other Latin authors. The rediscovery of Vitruvius meant that the architectural principles of Artifact could be observed one time more, and Renaissance artists were encouraged, in the atmosphere of humanist optimism, to excel the achievements of the Ancients, like Apelles, of whom they read.

Venice and the Ottoman Empire: Crash Course World History #xix: John Green discusses the strange and mutually beneficial relationship between a republic, the metropolis-country of Venice, and an Empire, the Ottomans—and how studying history tin help yous to be a better fellow and/or girlfriend. Together, the Ottoman Empire and Venice grew wealthy by facilitating merchandise: The Venetians had ships and nautical expertise; the Ottomans had admission to many of the most valuable goods in the globe, especially pepper and grain. Working together across cultural and religious divides, they both become very rich, and the Ottomans became 1 of the most powerful political entities in the globe.

Italian Politics

Italian politics during the time of the Renaissance was dominated by the rising merchant form, specially one family, the House of Medici, whose power in Florence was nearly absolute.

Learning Objectives

Describe the intricacies of Italian politics during this time

Cardinal Takeaways

Key Points

• Northern and Central Italian republic became prosperous in the belatedly Middle Ages through the growth of international trade and the ascension of the merchant class, who somewhen gained almost consummate control of the governments of the Italian metropolis-states.
• A popular caption for the Italian Renaissance is the thesis that the primary impetus of the early on Renaissance was the long-running series of wars between Florence and Milan, whereby the leading figures of Florence rallied the people by presenting the war as one between the costless republic and a despotic monarchy.
• The House of Medici was an Italian cyberbanking family, political dynasty, and later royal house in Florence who were the major sponsors of art and architecture in the early and High Renaissance.

Key Terms

• Business firm of Medici: An Italian banking family, political dynasty, and later royal firm in the Commonwealth of Florence during the first half of the 15th century that had a major impact on the rise of the Italian Renaissance.
• Hundred Years' War: A series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 by the Business firm of Plantagenet, rulers of the Kingdom of England, against the House of Valois, rulers of the Kingdom of France, for control of the Kingdom of France.

Italy in the Late Centre Ages

By the Late Middle Ages (circa 1300 onward), Latium, the former heartland of the Roman Empire, and southern Italian republic were generally poorer than the north. Rome was a urban center of ancient ruins, and the Papal States were loosely administered and vulnerable to external interference such as that of France, and later Spain. The papacy was affronted when the Avignon Papacy was created in southern France as a consequence of pressure level from Rex Philip the Off-white of France. In the south, Sicily had for some time been nether strange domination, by the Arabs then the Normans. Sicily had prospered for 150 years during the Emirate of Sicily, and later for two centuries during the Norman Kingdom and the Hohenstaufen Kingdom, but had declined by the late Middle Ages.

The Rise of the Merchant Class

In contrast, Northern and Fundamental Italy had go far more than prosperous, and it has been calculated that the region was among the richest in Europe. The new mercantile governing form, who gained their position through financial skill, adjusted to their purposes the feudal aristocratic model that had dominated Europe in the Center Ages. A feature of the High Middle Ages in Northern Italy was the rise of the urban communes, which had broken from the command of bishops and local counts. In much of the region, the landed nobility was poorer than the urban patriarchs in the loftier medieval money economy, whose inflationary ascent left land-holding aristocrats impoverished. The increase in trade during the early Renaissance enhanced these characteristics.

This change also gave the merchants most complete control of the governments of the Italian city-states, again enhancing merchandise. Ane of the well-nigh important effects of this political control was security. Those that grew extremely wealthy in a feudal state ran constant take a chance of running afoul of the monarchy and having their lands confiscated, as famously occurred to Jacques Coeur in France. The northern states as well kept many medieval laws that severely hampered commerce, such as those against usury and prohibitions on trading with non-Christians. In the city-states of Italian republic, these laws were repealed or rewritten.

The 14th century saw a series of catastrophes that caused the European economic system to go into recession, including the Hundred Years' War, the Black Death, and numerous famines. It was during this period of instability that the Renaissance authors such equally Dante and Petrarch lived, and the first stirrings of Renaissance art were to be seen, notably in the realism of Giotto. Paradoxically, some of these disasters would assistance plant the Renaissance. The Blackness Death wiped out a third of Europe'south population. The resulting labor shortage increased wages, and the reduced population was therefore much wealthier and better fed, and, significantly, had more surplus money to spend on luxury goods. As incidences of the plague began to decline in the early on 15th century, Europe'south devastated population once again began to grow. The new demand for products and services also helped create a growing class of bankers, merchants, and skilled artisans.

Warring Italians

Northern Italian republic and upper Key Italian republic were divided into a number of warring city-states, the almost powerful being Milan, Florence, Pisa, Siena, Genoa, Ferrara, Mantua, Verona, and Venice. High medieval Northern Italy was further divided by the long-running boxing for supremacy between the forces of the papacy and of the Holy Roman Empire; each city aligned itself with i faction or the other, yet was divided internally between the 2 warring parties, Guelfs and Ghibellines. Warfare between united states was mutual, but invasion from outside Italy was confined to intermittent sorties of Holy Roman emperors. Renaissance politics developed from this background. Since the 13th century, as armies became primarily composed of mercenaries, prosperous metropolis-states could field considerable forces, despite their depression populations. In the grade of the 15th century, the nearly powerful city-states annexed their smaller neighbors. Florence took Pisa in 1406, Venice captured Padua and Verona, and the Duchy of Milan annexed a number of nearby areas, including Pavia and Parma.

A popular caption for the Italian Renaissance is the thesis, first advanced by historian Hans Baron, that the chief impetus of the early Renaissance was the long-running series of wars betwixt Florence and Milan. By the late 14th century, Milan had get a centralized monarchy nether the command of the Visconti family. Giangaleazzo Visconti, who ruled the city from 1378 to 1402, was renowned both for his cruelty and for his abilities, and set well-nigh building an empire in Northern Italy. He launched a long series of wars, with Milan steadily conquering neighboring states and defeating the various coalitions led by Florence that sought in vain to halt the advance. This culminated in the 1402 siege of Florence, when it looked equally though the city was doomed to fall, earlier Giangaleazzo suddenly died and his empire complanate.

Baron'southward thesis suggests that during these long wars, the leading figures of Florence rallied the people by presenting the war every bit one between the gratis republic and a despotic monarchy, between the ethics of the Greek and Roman Republics and those of the Roman Empire and medieval kingdoms. For Baron, the almost important figure in crafting this ideology was Leonardo Bruni. This time of crisis in Florence was the flow when the almost influential figures of the early Renaissance were coming of age, such as Ghiberti, Donatello, Masolino, and Brunelleschi. Inculcated with this republican ideology, they later went on to advocate republican ideas that were to have an enormous touch on the Renaissance.

The Medici Family

The House of Medici was an Italian banking family, political dynasty, and later purple house that first began to gather prominence under Cosimo de' Medici in the Republic of Florence during the first half of the 15th century. The family originated in the Mugello region of the Tuscan countryside, gradually rising until they were able to fund the Medici Bank. The bank was the largest in Europe during the 15th century, which helped the Medici proceeds political power in Florence—though officially they remained citizens rather than monarchs. The biggest accomplishments of the Medici were in the sponsorship of art and compages, mainly early on and Loftier Renaissance art and architecture. The Medici were responsible for the majority of Florentine fine art during their reign.

Their wealth and influence initially derived from the textile trade guided past the guild of the Arte della Lana. Similar other signore families, they dominated their city's government, they were able to bring Florence under their family unit'south power, and they created an environment where fine art and Humanism could flourish. They, along with other families of Italy, such as the Visconti and Sforza of Milan, the Este of Ferrara, and the Gonzaga of Mantua, fostered and inspired the nativity of the Italian Renaissance. The Medici family was connected to most other elite families of the fourth dimension through marriages of convenience, partnerships, or employment, so the family unit had a key position in the social network. Several families had systematic admission to the rest of the elite families only through the Medici, maybe like to banking relationships.

The Medici Bank was ane of the nigh prosperous and nearly respected institutions in Europe. There are some estimates that the Medici family were the wealthiest family in Europe for a time. From this base of operations, they acquired political power initially in Florence and afterwards in wider Italy and Europe. A notable contribution to the profession of accounting was the improvement of the general ledger system through the evolution of the double-entry accounting system for tracking credits and debits. The Medici family were amidst the earliest businesses to utilize the system.

Cosimo di Giovanni de' Medici was the first of the Medici political dynasty, and had tremendous political ability in Florence. Despite his influence, his power was non accented; Florence'due south legislative councils at times resisted his proposals, something that would not accept been tolerated by the Visconti of Milan, for instance. Throughout his life he was ever primus inter pares, or first among equals. His power over Florence stemmed from his wealth, which he used to control votes. Every bit Florence was proud of its "democracy," Medici pretended to have niggling political ambition, and did not often concur public office. Aeneas Sylvius, Bishop of Siena and later Pope Pius II, said of him, "Political questions are settled in [Cosimo's] house. The man he chooses holds office… He information technology is who decides peace and war… He is king in all merely proper noun."

Cosimo di Giovanni de' Medici: Portrait of Cosimo de' Medici, the found of the House of Medici, by Jacopo Pontormo; the laurel co-operative (il Broncone) was a symbol used as well past his heirs.

The Church During the Italian Renaissance

The new Humanist ideals of the Renaissance, although more secular in many aspects, developed against a Christian backdrop, and the church patronized many works of Renaissance art.

Learning Objectives

Clarify the church building's office in Italy at the time of the Renaissance

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• The Renaissance began in times of religious turmoil, especially surrounding the papacy, which culminated in the Western Schism, in which 3 men simultaneously claimed to exist the truthful pope.
• The new date with Greek Christian works during the Renaissance, and particularly the render to the original Greek of the New Testament promoted by Humanists Lorenzo Valla and Erasmus, helped pave the way for the Protestant Reformation.
• In improver to existence the caput of the church, the pope became one of Italy'southward most important secular rulers, and pontiffs such as Julius Two ofttimes waged campaigns to protect and expand their temporal domains.
• The Counter-Reformation was a menstruation of Catholic resurgence initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation.

Primal Terms

• neo-Platonism: A tradition of philosophy that arose in the tertiary century CE, based on the philosophy of Plato, which involved describing the derivation of the whole of reality from a single principle, "the One." Plotinus is traditionally identified every bit the founder of this schoolhouse.
• Western Schism: A split up within the Roman Catholic Church that lasted from 1378 to 1417, when three men simultaneously claimed to be the true pope.
• Counter-Reformation: A period of Catholic resurgence initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation.

The Church in the Late Middle Ages

The Renaissance began in times of religious turmoil. The belatedly Centre Ages was a flow of political intrigue surrounding the papacy, culminating in the Western Schism, in which three men simultaneously claimed to be the true pope. While the schism was resolved by the Council of Constance (1414), a resulting reform motility known every bit Conciliarism sought to limit the power of the pope. Although the papacy somewhen emerged supreme in ecclesiastical matters past the Fifth Council of the Lateran (1511), it was indomitable by connected accusations of corruption, about famously in the person of Pope Alexander VI, who was accused variously of simony, nepotism, and fathering four children.

Pope Alexander 6: Alexander Vi, a Borgia pope infamous for his corruption.

Churchmen such as Erasmus and Luther proposed reform to the church, often based on Humanist textual criticism of the New Testament. In Oct 1517 Luther published the Ninety-5 Theses, challenging papal authority and criticizing its perceived abuse, especially with regard to instances of sold indulgences. The Ninety-v Theses led to the Reformation, a break with the Roman Catholic Church that previously claimed hegemony in Western Europe. Humanism and the Renaissance therefore played a direct role in sparking the Reformation, every bit well as in many other contemporaneous religious debates and conflicts.

Pope Paul Iii came to the papal throne (1534–1549) afterward the sack of Rome in 1527, with uncertainties prevalent in the Cosmic Church post-obit the Protestant Reformation. Nicolaus Copernicus dedicated De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Angelic Spheres) to Paul III, who became the grandad of Alessandro Farnese (cardinal), who had paintings past Titian, Michelangelo, and Raphael, as well as an important collection of drawings, and who commissioned the masterpiece of Giulio Clovio, arguably the last major illuminated manuscript, the Farnese Hours.

The Church and the Renaissance

The urban center of Rome, the papacy, and the Papal States were all affected by the Renaissance. On the 1 hand, information technology was a time of great artistic patronage and architectural magnificence, when the church pardoned and even sponsored such artists as Michelangelo, Brunelleschi, Bramante, Raphael, Fra Angelico, Donatello, and da Vinci. On the other mitt, wealthy Italian families oftentimes secured episcopal offices, including the papacy, for their own members, some of whom were known for immorality.

In the revival of neo-Platonism and other ancient philosophies, Renaissance Humanists did not reject Christianity; quite to the reverse, many of the Renaissance's greatest works were devoted to information technology, and the church patronized many works of Renaissance art. The new ideals of Humanism, although more secular in some aspects, adult against a Christian backdrop, especially in the Northern Renaissance. In turn, the Renaissance had a profound effect on contemporary theology, specially in the fashion people perceived the relationship between man and God.

Michelangelo's Pietà in St. Peter'southward Basilica, State of the vatican city: Michelangelo'south Pietà exemplifies the grapheme of Renaissance fine art, combining the classical aesthetic of Greek art with religious imagery, in this case Female parent Mary property the body of Jesus after the crucifixion.

In addition to being the caput of the church building, the pope became i of Italia's most of import secular rulers, and pontiffs such equally Julius II often waged campaigns to protect and aggrandize their temporal domains. Furthermore, the popes, in a spirit of refined competition with other Italian lords, spent lavishly both on private luxuries and public works, repairing or building churches, bridges, and a magnificent system of aqueducts in Rome that yet function today.

From 1505 to 1626, St. Peter'due south Basilica, perhaps the most recognized Christian church, was built on the site of the former Constantinian basilica in Rome. This was a time of increased contact with Greek culture, opening upwards new avenues of learning, particularly in the fields of philosophy, poetry, classics, rhetoric, and political science, fostering a spirit of Humanism–all of which would influence the church.

Counter-Reformation

The Counter-Reformation, besides called the Catholic Reformation or the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic resurgence initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation, beginning with the Quango of Trent (1545–1563) and ending at the close of the Xxx Years' War (1648). The Counter-Reformation was a comprehensive effort composed of four major elements—ecclesiastical or structural reconfigurations, new religious orders (such equally the Jesuits), spiritual movements, and political reform.

Such reforms included the foundation of seminaries for the proper training of priests in the spiritual life and the theological traditions of the church, the reform of religious life by returning orders to their spiritual foundations, and new spiritual movements focusing on the devotional life and a personal relationship with Christ, including the Spanish mystics and the French school of spirituality. Information technology likewise involved political activities that included the Roman Inquisition. I master emphasis of the Counter-Reformation was a mission to attain parts of the world that had been colonized as predominantly Catholic, and also try to reconvert areas, such as Sweden and England, that were at once Catholic merely had been Protestantized during the Reformation.

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Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-worldhistory/chapter/italy-during-the-renaissance/

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